The Distinction between White and Black Magic.
Having considered the possible stand-points from which the Rituals may be regarded, we come now to the distinctions that are made between them, and, first and foremost, to that instituted between White and Black Magic. The history of this distinction is exceedingly obscure, but there can be no question that in its main aspect it is modem, that is to say, in so far as it depends upon a sharp contrast between Good and Evil Spirits. In Egypt, in India, and in Greeee, there was no dealing with devils in the Christian sense of. the expression; Typhon, Juggernaut, and Hecate were not less divine than the gods of the over-world, and the offices of Canidia were probably in their way as sacred as the peaceful mysteries of Ceres. EaCh of the occult sciences was, however, liable to that species of abuse which is technically know as Black Magic. Astrology, or the appre<>.iation of the celestial influences in their operation upon the nature and life of maD, could be perverted in the composition of malefic talismans by means of those influences. Esoteric Medicine, which consisted in the application of occult forces to the healing of disease in man, and included a traditional knowledge of the medicinal properties resident in some substances disregarded by ordinary pharmacy, produced in its malpractice the secret science of poisoning, and the destruction of health, reason, or life by unseen forces. The transmutation of metals by alchemy resulted in their sophistication. In like manner. Divination, or the processes by which lucidity was supposed to be induced, became debased into witchcraft, and Ceremonial Magic into dealing with devils. White Ceremonial Magic is, by the terms of its definition, an attempt to oommunicate with Good Spirits for a good, or at least an in nocent, purpose. Black Magic is the attempt to communicate with Evil Spirits for an evil purpose. The contrasts here established seem on the surface perfectly clear. When we come,. however, to compare the ceremonial literature of the two classes, we shall find that the distinction is by no means so sharp as might be inferred from the definitions. In the first place, Theurgic Ceremonial, under the pretence of White Magic, usually includes the Rites· for the invocation of Evil Spirits. Supposing that they are so invoked for the enforced performance of works contrary to their nature, the issue becomes complicated at on~, and White Magic must then be defined as the attempt to communicate with Good or Evil Spirits for a good, or at least for an innocent purpose. This, of course, still leaves a tolerably clear distinction. Yet the alternative between a good and an innocent object contains all the material for a further confusion. It will be made clear as we proceed that the purposes and ambitions of Magic are commonly very childish, so that we must distinguish really between Black and White Magic, not as between the essentially good and evil, but as between that which is certainly evil and that which may only be foolish. Nor does this exhaust the difficulty. As will also be made evident in proceeding, White Ceremonial Magic seems to admit of a number of intentions which are objectionable, as well as many that. are frivolous. Hence it must be inferred that there is no very sharp distinction between the two branches of the Art. It. cannot be said, even, that Black Magic is invariably, and White Magic occasionally evil. What is called Black Magic is by no means black invariably; it is almost as much concerned with harmless and stupid processes as the .White variety with those of an objectionable kind. Thus,. the most which can be stated is that the literature falls chiefly into two classes, one of which usually terms itself black, but that they overlap one another. In what perhaps it may be permissible to term the mind of Magic, as distinct from the effects which are proposed by the Rituals, there has always been a clear contrast between the two branches corresponding to Magus and Sorcerer, and the fact that the ceremonial literature tends to the confusion of the distinction stamps it immediately as garbled. But this is not to tay that it has been tampered with in the sense of having been perverted by editors. White Magic has not usually been written down into Black; Goetic Rituals have not been written up in celestial terms. They are, for the most part, naturally composite, and it would be impossible to separate their elements without modifying their structure.
Having considered the possible stand-points from which the Rituals may be regarded, we come now to the distinctions that are made between them, and, first and foremost, to that instituted between White and Black Magic. The history of this distinction is exceedingly obscure, but there can be no question that in its main aspect it is modem, that is to say, in so far as it depends upon a sharp contrast between Good and Evil Spirits. In Egypt, in India, and in Greeee, there was no dealing with devils in the Christian sense of. the expression; Typhon, Juggernaut, and Hecate were not less divine than the gods of the over-world, and the offices of Canidia were probably in their way as sacred as the peaceful mysteries of Ceres. EaCh of the occult sciences was, however, liable to that species of abuse which is technically know as Black Magic. Astrology, or the appre<>.iation of the celestial influences in their operation upon the nature and life of maD, could be perverted in the composition of malefic talismans by means of those influences. Esoteric Medicine, which consisted in the application of occult forces to the healing of disease in man, and included a traditional knowledge of the medicinal properties resident in some substances disregarded by ordinary pharmacy, produced in its malpractice the secret science of poisoning, and the destruction of health, reason, or life by unseen forces. The transmutation of metals by alchemy resulted in their sophistication. In like manner. Divination, or the processes by which lucidity was supposed to be induced, became debased into witchcraft, and Ceremonial Magic into dealing with devils. White Ceremonial Magic is, by the terms of its definition, an attempt to oommunicate with Good Spirits for a good, or at least an in nocent, purpose. Black Magic is the attempt to communicate with Evil Spirits for an evil purpose. The contrasts here established seem on the surface perfectly clear. When we come,. however, to compare the ceremonial literature of the two classes, we shall find that the distinction is by no means so sharp as might be inferred from the definitions. In the first place, Theurgic Ceremonial, under the pretence of White Magic, usually includes the Rites· for the invocation of Evil Spirits. Supposing that they are so invoked for the enforced performance of works contrary to their nature, the issue becomes complicated at on~, and White Magic must then be defined as the attempt to communicate with Good or Evil Spirits for a good, or at least for an innocent purpose. This, of course, still leaves a tolerably clear distinction. Yet the alternative between a good and an innocent object contains all the material for a further confusion. It will be made clear as we proceed that the purposes and ambitions of Magic are commonly very childish, so that we must distinguish really between Black and White Magic, not as between the essentially good and evil, but as between that which is certainly evil and that which may only be foolish. Nor does this exhaust the difficulty. As will also be made evident in proceeding, White Ceremonial Magic seems to admit of a number of intentions which are objectionable, as well as many that. are frivolous. Hence it must be inferred that there is no very sharp distinction between the two branches of the Art. It. cannot be said, even, that Black Magic is invariably, and White Magic occasionally evil. What is called Black Magic is by no means black invariably; it is almost as much concerned with harmless and stupid processes as the .White variety with those of an objectionable kind. Thus,. the most which can be stated is that the literature falls chiefly into two classes, one of which usually terms itself black, but that they overlap one another. In what perhaps it may be permissible to term the mind of Magic, as distinct from the effects which are proposed by the Rituals, there has always been a clear contrast between the two branches corresponding to Magus and Sorcerer, and the fact that the ceremonial literature tends to the confusion of the distinction stamps it immediately as garbled. But this is not to tay that it has been tampered with in the sense of having been perverted by editors. White Magic has not usually been written down into Black; Goetic Rituals have not been written up in celestial terms. They are, for the most part, naturally composite, and it would be impossible to separate their elements without modifying their structure.